Historical Literacy and Why It Matters

 

 

By Lilian H. Hill

 

You may remember studying history in school with distaste because of an emphasis on remembering wars, names, and dates, but with little attention given to why things occurred, what they mean, and how the past influences life today. Unfortunately, school curricula often focused on memorization leading to students’ boredom and disinterest. In 2019, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation published results of a nationwide study that indicated that only 40% of American citizens can pass a multiple-choice test based on 20 history questions from the U.S. citizenship test (Gewertz, 2019).  The study's authors concluded that excessive reliance on passive methods, such as textbooks and lectures that focus on memorizing facts, dates, and places, accounts for students' poor understanding of history. History instruction needs to become more relevant and engaging to address this issue, incorporating interactive teaching methods and emphasizing deep comprehension (Lewer, 2019).

 

Historical Literacy

Historical knowledge provides a lens with which to interpret current events and detect false narratives and intentional distortions present in many forms of media. Historical literacy is essential for informed citizenship, cultural understanding, and democratic values. It empowers individuals to participate meaningfully in democratic societies, make informed decisions, and contribute to the ongoing dialogue about the human experience across time. Individuals can contribute to a more just, equitable, and interconnected world by engaging with history critically and empathetically.

 

Historical literacy is understanding, interpreting, and critically analyzing historical events, concepts, and contexts. It encompasses factual knowledge about past events and the skills to analyze primary and secondary sources, recognize historical patterns and trends, evaluate differing perspectives, and draw informed conclusions about the significance and impact of historical events on societies and individuals. Brick (2021), historian and professor at George Washington University, defined historical literacy as the ability to assess evidence and evaluate arguments, to consider various viewpoints and determine their accuracy, to interpret current events in the context of historical ones, and to identify the connections linking patterns over time. With the internet, almost everyone has access to even the most obscure historical facts. Historians are not necessary for this information; instead, it is more important to cultivate critical thinking skills to distinguish credible narratives from false ones. 

 

Historical Research

Historical literacy encompasses skills related to historical research and inquiry, such as formulating research questions, conducting archival research, and synthesizing information from multiple sources. These skills enable individuals to actively engage with historical scholarship and contribute to studying and interpreting history. Historians confront the intricacies of the past by grappling with essential questions like “How do we know about the past?” “What was life like then?” and “Why is it important to remember it?” Lévesque (2013) suggests researching history requires seeking answers to questions such as:

 

·      Why is it important to study history?

·      How does learning about history influence our self-identity?

·      How does historical knowledge build empathy?

·      How does knowledge of history shape understandings of the present?

 

These inquiries engage historians in a research process focused on investigating past events and creating evidence-based narratives. This dynamic and ongoing disciplinary endeavor is open to debate and revision (Lévesque, 2013). Historians extensively use a range of primary sources, meaning first-hand accounts of a topic or event created by people who had a direct experience of it. The results allow for a detailed examination of identifiable trends and societal relationships contributing to modern understanding of historical events. Historical literacy involves identifying themes, patterns, and trends across different historical periods and drawing connections between past events and contemporary issues.

 

 

 

Components of Historical Literacy

Most people will not become historical researchers, however, some knowledge of how history is constructed is required for informed citizenship, as it enables individuals to understand the complexities of the past, appreciate diverse perspectives, and critically evaluate contemporary issues in their historical context. There are several components of historical literacy:

Factual Knowledge: Historical literacy involves possessing a foundational understanding of key historical events, figures, dates, and movements. This includes knowledge of major events such as wars, revolutions, social movements, and significant cultural developments. Beyond a simple recounting of events, historians search for contextual understanding. 

 

Contextual Understanding: Historical literacy involves understanding the context in which historical events occurred, including the political, social, economic, and cultural factors that influenced them. It requires recognizing the interconnectedness of historical events and their broader significance within a particular time-period or geographical region.

 

Critical Thinking: Historical literacy requires the ability to think critically about historical information. This involves questioning sources, considering biases, and evaluating the reliability and credibility of historical accounts. Critical thinking skills enable individuals to analyze historical evidence and arguments and form reasoned interpretations. For example, our changing perspectives about indigenous groups, minorities, and women and recognition of their contributions is a result of critical thinking.

 

Multiple Perspectives: Historical literacy involves considering multiple perspectives and viewpoints on historical events and phenomena. It requires understanding that historical narratives can vary depending on factors such as cultural background, ideology, and personal experience. Engaging with diverse perspectives enriches historical understanding and promotes empathy and tolerance. An example is the continual debate over what the U.S. “founding fathers” intended and whether we should adhere strictly to their intentions, informed by varied interpretations of those intentions.

 

Effective Communication: Historical literacy involves the ability to communicate historical knowledge and interpretations effectively, both orally and in writing. This includes constructing coherent arguments, supporting claims with evidence, and engaging in respectful dialogue with others about historical topics.

 

In conclusion, historical literacy is vital for developing well-rounded, informed, and engaged individuals capable of contributing thoughtfully to society.

References

Brick, C. (2021, May 28). From Jan. 6 to Rick Santorum's firing, America's historical illiteracy is on display. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2021/05/28/teaching-american-history-matter-life-and-death-democracy/7435

Gewertz, C. (2019, May 7). History Instruction Indicted: Too Much Memorization, Too Little Meaning. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/history-instruction-indicted-too-much-memorization-too-little-meaning/2019/05

Lévesque, S., (2013, February 19). What Does it Mean to Be "Historically Literate"? The History of Education Network. https://thenhier.ca/en/content/what-does-it-mean-be-historically-literate.html

Lewer, B. (2019). Reimagining American History Education. The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. https://woodrow.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/WW-Reimagining-American-History-Education.pdf

How Artificial Intelligence Influences Voters and Election Results

 

Image Credit: Edmond Dantès, Pexels

Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools can directly influence voters through the widespread adoption of chatbots integrated into search engines. In this podcast episode, Dr. Lilian Hill discusses how AI influences voters and election results. 

 

References

Noti, A. (2024. February 28). How Artificial Intelligence Influences Elections, and What We Can Do About It. Campaign Legal Center. https://campaignlegal.org/update/how-artificial-intelligence-influences-elections-and-what-we-can-do-about-it

Panditharatne, M. & Giansiracusa, N. (2023, Juy 21). How AI Puts Elections at Risk — And the Needed Safeguards. Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/how-ai-puts-elections-risk-and-needed-

 

 

Listen to the Podcast

 

Information Literacy Episode 23 Transcripts

 

 

Emotional Literacy and its Relationship to Information Literacy

 

 

By Lilian H. Hill

 

Emotional literacy refers to recognizing, understanding, and effectively expressing emotions. It involves being aware of your feelings, the ability to label them accurately, and understanding the reasons behind them. Additionally, emotional literacy involves being able to manage and regulate your emotions in healthy ways while at the same time empathizing with others and their emotional states. Ninivaggi (2022) describes emotional literacy as a “deep understanding of one's emotions, empathetically listening to others, and responding effectively and meaningfully” (para. 1). Emotionally literate People are often better equipped to navigate social interactions, manage conflicts, and build strong relationships. They can communicate their needs and boundaries more effectively and are often more resilient in the face of challenges because they have the skills to cope with difficult emotions.

 

Emotions and Vocabulary

A limited vocabulary can limit your world. Author Brené Brown (2021) stated that “language is our portal to meaning-making, connection, healing, learning, and self-awareness” (p. 242). Language allows us to make sense of our life experiences. The stronger your vocabulary is, the better you can understand your own life and share your experiences with others close to you.

 

As human beings, we make meaning of our life experiences. We seek to understand ourselves, our place in the world, and the world itself. No other species we know has this urge to assign meaning to different life experiences. As humans, we want to understand ourselves, our loves, our work, our world, and our place. We can think about our lives and our interactions with other people. Humans need meaning, and humanity is made from meaning.

 

Making meaning involves our emotions, which serve as the link between learning and memory. We literally must feel something is true before it can be believed and learned. Emotions increase the strength of memories and help us recall the context of an experience, rendering it meaningful. Brown (2021) asks her readers to imagine what life would be like if we could only name three emotions: happy, sad, and angry.

 

A limited vocabulary can significantly restrict our understanding and expression of experiences. Language is vital for making sense of life, connecting with others, and fostering self-awareness and growth. The richness of one's vocabulary directly correlates with one's ability to comprehend and articulate life's complexities to oneself and those around one.

 

Brown (2021) highlights the importance of an expansive emotional vocabulary, suggesting that a limited range of emotions hampers our self-understanding. A narrow emotional lexicon, consisting primarily of “happy,” “sad,” and “angry,” fails to capture the breadth and depth of human emotional experience. By expanding our emotional vocabulary to encompass a wider array of positive and negative feelings, we gain a more nuanced understanding of ourselves and our interactions with the world.

 

Furthermore, Brown (2021) emphasizes that our emotional vocabulary influences how we experience and manage emotions. Refining our ability to identify and articulate our feelings enables us to navigate life's challenges more effectively. Additionally, a diverse emotional vocabulary facilitates better communication and empathy, improving our relationships with others. In summary, cultivating a rich emotional vocabulary is essential for enhancing self-awareness, shaping our future, managing emotions, and fostering meaningful connections.

 

Relationship of Emotional Literacy to Information Literacy

Emotional and information literacy are essential skills in today's complex world. Matteson et al. (2013) explored research documenting an affective component to interacting with information. They stated that information literacy processes, including identifying the need for information, finding it, comprehending it, and applying it, are associated with various emotions. Connections between the emotional and information literacy are described below:

 

Critical Thinking: Both emotional literacy and information literacy require critical thinking skills. Emotional literacy involves understanding and critically evaluating one's own emotions and the emotions of others, while information literacy involves critically evaluating sources of information for credibility, bias, and relevance.

 

Decision Making: Both skill sets contribute to effective decision-making. Emotional literacy helps individuals consider their emotions and how they might influence their choices, while information literacy enables individuals to gather and assess relevant information to make informed decisions. Recent studies have underscored the importance of emotion in rational decision-making. Our emotional responses significantly influence our decisions, and our overall welfare could hinge on our capacity to comprehend and analyze these emotions, integrating them with logical reasoning to arrive at suitable decisions (Ratson, 2023).

 

Communication: Emotional literacy involves expressing emotions effectively and understanding the emotions conveyed by others, which is essential for clear and empathetic communication. Information literacy includes effectively communicating ideas, findings, and arguments, whether in written or verbal form.

 

Self-awareness and Self-regulation: Emotional literacy fosters self-awareness and self-regulation by helping individuals understand their emotional responses and manage them appropriately. Similarly, information literacy encourages self-awareness about one's knowledge gaps and biases and self-regulation in seeking out and evaluating information to fill those gaps and mitigate biases.

 

Problem Solving: Emotional and information literacy contribute to effective problem-solving skills. Emotional literacy helps individuals understand the underlying emotions and find constructive ways to address them, while information literacy enables individuals to gather and analyze relevant information to solve problems effectively.

 

While emotional literacy primarily focuses on understanding and managing emotions, and information literacy focuses on finding, evaluating, and using information, both skill sets are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Developing emotional and information literacy proficiency can enhance an individual's ability to navigate various aspects of life, make informed decisions, communicate effectively, and solve problems.

References

Brown, B. (2021). Atlas of the heart: Mapping meaningful connection and the language of human experience. Random House.

Matteson, M., Farooq, O., & Mease, D. (2013, April 12). Feeling our way: Emotional intelligence and information literacy competency. Association of College and Research Libraries Conference, Indianapolis, IN.

Ninivaggi, F. J. (2022). Emotional Knowing and Emotional Literacy: A new model for understanding emotion optimizes performance. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/envy/202209/emotional-knowing-and-emotional-literacy

Ratson, M. (2023, August 7). The power of emotions in decision making. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-wisdom-of-anger/202308/the-power-of-emotions-in-decision-making#:~:text=Emotions%2C%20especially%20at%20a%20high,and%20proportional%20to%20the%20situation.

Protecting Yourself from Fraud

 

Image Credit, Pexels

Sora Shimazaki,Tima Miroshnichenko, Mikhail Nilov, Tara Winstead

 

By Lilian H. Hill

With our technologically interconnected world, we are increasingly vulnerable to financial fraud. As technology evolves, so have methods of perpetrating fraud. Cybercriminals constantly seek new ways to exploit vulnerabilities in digital systems, from phishing scams to hacking into databases. In intricate financial or business transactions, fraudulent activities evade detection. Criminals often exploit psychological tactics to manipulate individuals into divulging sensitive information. This can include tactics like impersonation, persuasion, or exploiting trust.

 

Common Types of Financial Fraud

Identity Theft: Identity theft occurs when someone steals another person's personal information, such as Social Security numbers, credit card details, or bank account information, to commit fraud or other crimes. Personal information can be used to open new credit card accounts that the victim has no knowledge of, and then rack up large amounts of debt for which the victim will be liable. Other types of credit card fraud include unauthorized use of information to make purchases or withdraw funds without the cardholder's consent. This can occur through stolen cards, card skimming devices, or online hacking.

Phishing: Phishing involves fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information, such as login credentials, passwords, or financial data, by impersonating legitimate entities through email, text messages, or phone calls. These scam artists send emails or pop-up messages that might alert you to a problem with your account or state that you have a refund waiting. Some of these messages come from legitimate companies (U.S. Office of the Comptroller, n.d.). 

Debt Elimination Fraud: Debt elimination fraud differs from reputable companies that assist debtors in responsibly managing their debts. Instead of offering genuine help, scammers claim they can rid you of debt for a small upfront or membership fee, which they pocket without delivering on their promises. Those ensnared in these schemes not only lose the initial fee but also face potential loss of property, accumulation of further debt, harm to their credit score, exposure to identity theft, or even legal consequences (U.S. Office of the Comptroller, n.d.).

Investment Scams: Investment scams lure victims into fraudulent investment schemes promising high returns with little or no risk. These scams can involve pyramid schemes, financial markets, cryptocurrency, real estate, precious metals, or fraudulent offerings of stocks, bonds, or other financial products. They may lure victims in with complimentary workshops or seminars but swiftly transition to charging substantial fees for further training or coaching, purportedly enhancing your chances of success (Federal Trade Commission, 2023).

Advance Fee Fraud: Advance fee fraud, also known as Upfront Fee Fraud, involves soliciting victims to pay upfront fees or taxes in exchange for a larger payout that never materializes. It may involve an opportunity to participate in a special deal or promises to send you money, products, or services. A common tactic is requesting your assistance in removing funds from a country in political turmoil or even asking for your assistance to help law enforcement catch thieves. What the differing methods share is that victims will never recoup their money (U.S. Office of the Comptroller, n.d.).

Tech Support Scams: Tech support scams involve fraudulent individuals or organizations posing as tech support representatives who claim to fix nonexistent computer problems. They often persuade victims to provide access to their computers or pay for unnecessary services.

Romance Scams: Romance scams target individuals seeking romantic partners online. Scammers create fake profiles on dating websites or social media platforms to establish relationships with victims and eventually request money under false pretenses. They often prey on the lonely.

Healthcare Fraud: Healthcare fraud encompasses various schemes aimed at defrauding healthcare insurance providers, government healthcare programs, or individuals by billing for unnecessary services, falsifying medical claims, or selling counterfeit medications. A well-known case occurred in Mississippi. A couple was convicted of health care fraud, money laundering, and tax evasion, while their public business was a Christmas tree farm.

Charity Scams: Charity scams exploit individuals' generosity by soliciting donations for fake charities or causes. Scammers may use emotional appeals or misleading tactics to deceive donors and pocket the contributions.

 

These are just a few examples of the many types of financial fraud and scams that exist. As technology evolves and criminals become more sophisticated, new variations of scams continue to emerge, highlighting the importance of vigilance and awareness in protecting against financial exploitation.

 

Ways to Protect Yourself

Avoiding financial fraud and scams is crucial to safeguarding your assets and personal information. The U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2024) suggests the following strategies:

 

Image Credit, Liza Summer, Pexels

Be Skeptical: Always approach unsolicited offers or requests for personal or financial information with skepticism. Scammers often use tactics like urgency or fear to pressure you into making impulsive decisions. The truism, “If it seems too good to be true, it probably is” applies here. Don't hesitate to seek advice from trusted friends, family members, or financial professionals.

 

Verify Identity: Before sharing any personal or financial information, verify the identity of the person or organization you are dealing with. Legitimate entities will provide ways to confirm their identity, such as official websites, phone numbers, or physical addresses.

 

Secure Communication: Ensure that any communication regarding sensitive information, such as bank account details or social security numbers, is conducted over secure channels. Look for HTTPS (Hypertext transfer protocol secure) in website URLs and avoid sharing sensitive information over unsecured networks. Do not use public Wi-Fi when conducting sensitive or financial transactions.

Beware of Phishing: Be cautious of emails, messages, or calls requesting personal or financial information, especially if they create a sense of urgency or ask you to click on suspicious links.

 

Monitor Accounts Regularly: Keep a close eye on your bank statements, credit card transactions, and other financial accounts. Report any unauthorized or suspicious activity immediately to your financial institution.

 

Use Strong Passwords: Protect your online accounts with strong, unique passwords. Avoid using easily guessable passwords and consider using a reputable password manager to store your login credentials securely. Those days are long gone if you have ever used a single password for everything.

 

Enable multi-factor authentication: Options for MFA include receiving a text, phone call or email that provides a code you will enter. The code will expire within a stipulated timeline. The most secure and simple way to set up MFA is to set up a face or fingerprint scan. MFA requires you to take extra steps to access your accounts, so it can feel like a nuisance; however, it is an effective way to add an extra layer of protection to confidential data (Boyer, 2023). 

 

Update Software: Keep your computer, smartphone, and other devices updated with the latest security patches and software updates. Outdated software may contain vulnerabilities that scammers can exploit to access your personal information.

Educate Yourself: Stay informed about common scams and fraud tactics. Familiarize yourself with the latest trends in financial fraud and learn how to recognize warning signs.

 

Report Suspicious Activity: If you encounter or suspect financial fraud or scams, report them to the appropriate authorities, such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), your state attorney general's office, or local law enforcement. Reporting such activity can help protect others from falling victim to similar schemes.

 

References

Boyer, C. (2023, October 23). Why you should use multi-factor authentication for all your accounts. UK Information Technology. https://its.uky.edu/news/why-you-should-be-using-multifactor-authentication-all-your-online-ccounts#:~:text=In%20addition%20to%20protecting%20against,card%20numbers%2C%20usernames%20or%20passwords.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2024, March 1). What are some classic signs of possible fraud and scams. https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-are-some-classic-warning-signs-of-possible-fraud-and-scams-en-2094/#:~:text=Here%20are%20some%20tips%20to,prize%20or%20other%20financial%20windfall 

Federal Trade Commission (2023). Investment scams. FTC Consumer Advice. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/investment-scams

United States Attorney’s Office (2020, July 23). Pharmacy owners sentenced to prison for conspiracy to commit health care fraud, conspiracy to commit money laundering and tax evasion in $200 million compounding pharmacy scheme. Southern District of Mississippi. https://bit.ly/3WfZ1j7

U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (n.d.). Types of Fraud. https://www.occ.gov/topics/consumers-and-communities/consumer-protection/fraud-resources/types-of-consumer-fraud.html#advance

AARP Publishes Annual Fraudwatch Issue

 

Image Credit: Markus Winkler, Pexels

By Lilian H. Hill

Financial fraud and scams encompass a wide range of deceptive practices aimed at unlawfully obtaining money, assets, or sensitive information from individuals or organizations. These schemes vary in complexity and sophistication but generally involve manipulation, misrepresentation, or exploitation for illicit gain. According to the American Association of Retired People (AARP), which publishes an annual fraud watch issue of the AARP Bulletin in April, we are bombarded with solicitations for fraud through letters, emails, phone calls, and texts. Americans lost as much as 10 billion dollars to fraud in 2023 (AARPa, 2024). Seniors are targeted because they may have significant financial resources.

In their April 2024 Bulletin, AARP reported on the fastest-growing scams. They include:

Check Cooking is a new iteration of check-washing, where criminals use chemicals to remove the payee and amount but leave the signature from stolen checks. Check cooking involves taking a digital picture of a check and using readily available software to alter it. These checks look very realistic and even include watermarks (AARPa, 2024).

·      Do not send checks by mail, or if you must, deliver them directly to the post office. Use a mailbox inside the office rather than one outside its doors. Learn to send money electronically and monitor your checking accounts frequently.

Voiceprinting: Criminals use AI tools to capture your voice and create a realistic version that can be used to impersonate you. They only need to capture a moment of your speech to accomplish this. Then, they call your bank and request that funds be transferred to an account that belongs to them (AARPa, 2024).

·      Do not answer calls from unknown numbers. If you receive a call where you are asked, “Can you hear me?”, do not respond and hang up immediately.

·      Even calls that appear to be from known numbers can be fraudulent, so it is better to text with people other than your immediate family and close friends.

Celebrity Impersonation: Pretending to be a celebrity and having a conversation with you, as a favored fan, gradually turns to how the celebrity is in financial trouble and how you can help (AARPa, 2024).

·      Receiving a direct message from a celebrity or even their agent or manager is highly likely. Be skeptical.

Multistage Grandparent Scam: An expansion of the more familiar grandparent scam, but in this case, criminals employ teenagers in call centers to make contact. The call center operators will supply a case number to make the request seem legitimate. They may even send a runner to pick up money from you directly (AARPa, 2024).

·      If you receive a call from an unknown number claiming to be a family member in trouble, hang up and then call that family member directly. If you can’t reach the person, call other family members who may know the person’s location. Do not send money.

Delayed-Action Sweepstakes: To collect the nonexistent prize, you may be asked for bank account numbers and other personal information to “validate” your identity. Then, the criminals will write small checks to determine if you are paying attention. They will continue to use your account to establish lines of credit and credit cards in your name to give themselves a bigger payday (AARPa, 2024).

·      There are few large sweepstakes left. If you receive a phone call that claims you are the recipient, hang up. Do not provide any personal information.

Paris Olympics Scams: This scam involves hacking someone’s email account, and subsequently, all the person’s contacts will receive a message that reads as if it was sent by him/her, saying something like, “Help, I’m in Paris, and my wallet was stolen. Please send money by Venmo or gift cards” (AARPa, 2024).

·      Don’t react immediately. Instead, try other ways to contact the person “in need” such as calling them to determine if the request is genuine.

Crypto-currency ATMs: These devices are being installed in stores and are a legitimate way to convert cash to cryptocurrency. They may look like other ATMs, and victims may not realize they are depositing money into a cryptocurrency ATM. Instead of the more familiar gift cards, bank transfers, and payment apps, criminals are now directing victims to deposit cash because cryptocurrency is difficult to trace (AARPb, 2024).   

·      Real businesses and government agencies don’t accept cryptocurrency. Being directed to deposit cash into cryptocurrency ATMs should serve as an alert that a scam has taken you in.

 

Self-Protection Actions

There are several actions you can take to protect yourself (AARPc, 2024):

1. Review the contact list on your smartphone, add your doctors, banks, and other people or organizations likely to call you. Then, select “silence unknown callers.” This will direct unknown calls to voicemail, which you can filter.
2. Sign out of any financial apps on your phone, tablet, and computer each time you visit the site or complete a transaction.
3. Revise your passwords: It is a good idea to change the passwords on any financial accounts or apps every few months. Use strong passwords and enable multi-step authentication for all financial accounts.
4. Audit your wallet: There is no need to carry your Social Security, healthcare, or Medicare cards. Only carry the debit and credit cards you use regularly. Make copies of items you carry and keep the copies in a safe place, so you have the bank contact information for those cards should they be stolen.
5. Monitor your credit reports: Visit AnnualCreditReport.com to get free reports from the three recognized credit bureaus: Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion. Look for unknown transactions or activities you did not request or authorize.
6. Be skeptical: Criminals may use friendliness, compassion, and kindness to gain your trust. Another approach they use is to create a sense of urgency to prompt you to act without thinking.
7. Keep learning about fraud and scams. Fraud and scams are fast-moving areas. Criminals are often tech-savvy and will exploit new technologies while trying to exploit potential victims' vulnerabilities.

References

AARPa (2024, April). Six fast-growing scams coming your way. AARP Bulletin, p. 12.

AARPb (2024, April). Why criminals love cryptocurrency ATMs. AARP Bulletin, p. 13.

AARPc (2024, April). Do these things today. Be safer tomorrow. AARP Bulletin, p. 14.